![]() Contrarily, diagnosis of PMDD mandates the impairment of functioning by the symptoms. It does not consider the severity of the symptoms, and no clear definition exists when PMS becomes clinically significant. According to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), only one distressing symptom at the time of menstruation is required for PMS diagnosis. Overall, 75%-85% of women have experienced PMS symptoms, whereas PMDD affects 5%-8% of reproductive age women worldwide. Pharmacological interventions include analgesic treatment, combined oral contraceptives, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Conventional nonpharmacological treatments are lifestyle interventions such as improved diet, increased exercise, sleep hygiene, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for stress management. Treatment intervention is mostly tailored to the patient’s symptoms profile because the cause of PMS and PMDD is unknown. The etiology of PMS and PMDD is not clearly understood, but the onset of symptoms is associated with hypersensitivity to changes in the ovarian hormonal level during the menstrual cycle, dysregulated immune function, neurotransmitter dysregulation, stress, diet and lifestyle. PMS and PMDD usually resolve within a few days of menstruation. ![]() Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more severe form of PMS with a greater emphasis on depressive and anxiety symptoms. During this period, the symptoms might cause impairment to the daily lives of women, disrupting both work and personal activities. The symptoms occur cyclically before or during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a collection of mild to severe physical, affective, and behavioral symptoms experienced by many reproductive age women.
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